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8.11.17

Best chemistry textbook pdf


Best chemistry textbook pdf 

You can download a lot of chemistry textbook from this post, it is easy to download free books of chemistry.
Now you are lucky to find this post because it has a lot of best pdf textbooks of chemistry for free and also you can see it online if you want.


Best chemistry textbook pdf

You can download the first package of  the best chemistry textbook pdf  or see it online from here












Source:
1-Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

2.10.17

Weight percent w/w, w/v, v/v %- Percentage Concentration




Weight percent w/w, w/v, v/v %


weight per weight (W/W), weight per volume (W/V), volume per volume (V/V) meanings and how to use it in chemistry

w/w , w/v, v/v %


These variations on percentage concentration are used in chemistry and biology when making up solutions and have the following meanings.

% w/w
weight per weight: used where the weight of each chemical is used and not the volume (e.g. If I dissolve 10 g of fat in 90 g ethanol so the total mass of the whole solution is 100 g, then I have made a 10% w/w solution of fat)

% w/v
weight per volume: used where a solid chemical is dissolved in a liquid (e.g. if I dissolve 10 g of table salt, sodium chloride, to make up a total volume of 100 mL of a solution then I have made a 10% w/v solution of sodium chloride)

% v/v
volume per volume: used where both chemicals are liquids (e.g. if I dilute 50 mL of acetic acid by adding it to 50 mL of water there is now 50 mL of acetic acid in a total volume of 100 mL, hence the acetic acid concentration is now 50% v/v

% volume per volume (v/v), % weight per volume (w/v) and % weight per weight (w/w)

Source:

Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

Some classes of organic compounds and their functional groups


Some classes of organic compounds and their functional groups

Fifteen of the classes of functional groups are shown, along with the general structural formula associated with that class. The key features are shown in red in the second column

Some classes of organic compounds and their functional groups


Tage: organic chemistry, structural formula, table

Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

1.10.17

Propane models


Propane models

Propane, used as a fuel, is shown in 3 different representations commonly used for molecules. Each format is used to convey different information about the structure and components of propane.
Propane models
Propane models


Tage: propane, ball and stick, models, fuel, molecular formula

Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

Ethane, minor component of natural gas



Ethane, minor component of natural gas

Ethane, a minor component of natural gas, is shown in representations. Each model conveys different information about the structure and components of ethane.


Ethane, minor component of natural gas
Ethane, minor component of natural gas

See also,
Methane Representations

Tage: ethane, natural gas, ball, and stick, model, molecular formula
Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

30.9.17

Formula unit of NaCl, sodium chloride


Formula unit of NaCl, sodium chloride


The compound sodium chloride consists of Na+and Cl- ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction in a very large ordered network called a crystal. The hypothetical combination of the one Na+ and one Cl- ion indicated is a formula unit. It is the smallest collection of ions from which we can deduce the formula NaCl.


Formula unit of NaCl, sodium chloride
Formula unit of NaCl, sodium chloride


Tage: sodium chloride, NaCl, empirical formula, electrostatic, salt
Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

Symbols & periodic table locations of some monatomic ions


Symbols & periodic table locations of some monatomic ions


In general, (a) the metals of Groups 1A and 2A and aluminum have just one cation, which carries a positive charge equal in magnitude to the A-group number; 
(b) the metals of the B-group have two or more cations of different charges, though in some cases only one of these cations is commonly encountered; and 
(c) the nonmetals of Groups 7A and 6A, nitrogen and phosphorus form anions with a charge equal to “ the group number minus eight.” l

Symbols & periodic table locations of some monatomic ions
Symbols & periodic table locations of some monatomic ions


Symbols & periodic table locations of some monatomic ions

Scheme based on the periodic table to assist in writing formulas



Scheme based on the periodic table to assist in writing formulas

The lines trace a continuous path from boron (B) to fluorine (F). 

The element that is generally written first in the formula of a binary molecular compound is the one that is closer to the beginning of this path






Tage: periodic table, naming, binary compounds

Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

29.9.17

Dalton's atomic weight problems



Dalton's atomic weight problems

Dalton assumed a combining ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms of 1:1. 
Data at the time suggested that the mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water was 1:7. Taking the atomic weight of hydrogen to be one, that of oxygen was seven. 

Modern data indicate that the combining ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 2:1 and that the mass ratio is 1:8 (or 2:16). 

If the atomic weight of hydrogen is taken to be one, that of oxygen must be 16.

see also: Dalton's theory and conservation of mass

Dalton's atomic weight problems




Tage:

the law of multiple proportions, Dalton, atomic mass, water, mass percent
Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

Dalton's theory and conservation of mass


Dalton's theory and conservation of mass

Dalton's theory explained these two basic laws of the chemical combination as described in the text. If six fluorine and four hydrogen atoms are available before the reaction, the 10 atoms will still be present in the products, in this case, four HF molecules and one unreacted fluorine molecule.

Dalton's theory and conservation of mass


see also:

Dalton's theory and conservation of mass

Illustration of the Law of Definite Proportions


Keywords
conservation of mass, Dalton, stoichiometry, chemical reactions
Source:
1-Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

Calculations illustrating the law of multiple proportions


Calculations illustrating the law of multiple proportions

The oxygen-to-carbon mass ratio in carbon dioxide is twice that in carbon monoxide.


Calculations illustrating the law of multiple proportions

see also:

Illustration of the Law of Definite Proportions

Difference between accuracy and precision by an image


Tage: multiple proportions, calculations, stoichiometry, Dalton

Source:
Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

Illustration of the Law of Definite Proportions


Illustration of the Law of Definite Proportions

Basic copper carbonate occurs in nature as the mineral malachite
(a), it forms as a patina on copper roofs
(b) and bronze statues, and can also be synthesized in the laboratory
(c). Regardless of its source, basic copper carbonate has the same composition.

Illustration of the Law of Definite Proportions, law of definite proportions, Proust, copper carbonate, malachite, redox, law of constant composition
The Law of Definite Proportions

Also, you can see general chemistry posts


see also:

The law of definite proportions, Proust, copper carbonate, malachite, redox, the law of constant composition

22.9.17

chemdraw online


ChemDraw is the best chemistry software for students

ChemDraw and Sketcher are the drawing tool online of choice for creating publication-ready, scientifically. online chemical databases and viewing and publishing online structures

There are two types of ChemDoodle Web Sketchers, the Full Sketcher, and the Single Molecule Sketcher. You can choose either above in this demo. Based on the interface, you may be using one or the other or both. The Full Sketcher allows for the creation of multiple chemical structures, shapes, and figures. The Single Molecule Sketcher provides a streamlined interface for drawing a single molecular structure

The introduction tutorial to the ChemDoodle Web Sketcher















source:chemdoodle

9.9.17

difference between accuracy and precision by image


Precision and accuracy

Comparing precision and accuracy: a dart board analogy

The accuracy and precision of darts hitting a dart board illustrate the ways that data can be precise and/or accurate.
(a) The darts are both scattered (low precision) and off-center (low accuracy). 
(b) The darts are in a tight cluster (high precision) but still off-center (low accuracy). 
(c) The darts are somewhat scattered (low precision) but evenly distributed about the center (high accuracy).






Keywords
precision, accuracy, measurements, data, dart
Source:
1-Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications

difference between fahrenheit and celsius degrees


The thermometer on the left is marked in degrees Celsius and the one on the right in degrees Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is at 0 ¡C and 32 ¡F; the boiling point is at 100 ¡C and 212 ¡F. 

Note that for an interval of 10 ¡C, the corresponding interval on the Fahrenheit scale is 18 ¡F. 

This gives rise to the factor 18/10 = 1.8 in the equations that relate the two scales.


31.5.17

The Function of Analytical Chemistry


The Function of Analytical Chemistry  

Chemical analysis is an indispensable servant of modern technology whilst it partly depends on that modern technology for its operation. The two have in fact developed hand in hand. From the earliest days of quantitative chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth century, chemical analysis has provided an important basis for chemical development.
For example, the combustion studies of La  Voisier and the atomic theory proposed by Dalton had their bases in quantitative analytical evidence.  The transistor provides a more recent example of an invention which would have been almost impossible to develop  without sensitive and accurate chemical analysis. This example is particularly interesting as it illustrates the synergic development that is so frequently observed in differing fields. Having underpinned the  development of the transistor, analytical instrumentation now makes extremely wide use of it. In modern technology, it is impossible to over-estimate the importance of analysis. Some of the major  areas of application are listed below.  

Fundamental Research
  The first steps in unraveling the details of an unknown system frequently involve the identification of its constituents by qualitative chemical analysis. Follow-up investigations usually require structural  information and quantitative measurements. This pattern appears in such diverse areas as the  formulation of new drugs, the examination of meteorites, and studies on the results of heavy ion  bombardment by nuclear physicists.  

Product Development  
The design and development of a new product will often depend upon establishing a link between its  chemical composition and its physical properties or performance. Typical examples are the  development of alloys and of polymer composites.  

Product Quality Control 
 Most manufacturing industries require a uniform product quality. To ensure that this requirement is  met, both raw materials and finished products are subjected to extensive chemical analysis. On the one  hand, the necessary constituents must be kept at the optimum levels, while on the other impurities such  as poisons in foodstuffs must be kept below the maximum allowed by law.  

Monitoring and Control of Pollutants  
Residual heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides represent two well-known pollution problems.  Sensitive and accurate analysis is required to enable the distribution and level of a pollutant in the  environment to be assessed and routine chemical analysis is important in the control of industrial  effluents.  

 Assay 
 In commercial dealings with raw materials such as ores, the value of the ore is set by its metal content.  Large amounts of material are often involved, so that taken overall small differences in concentration  can be of considerable commercial significance. Accurate and reliable chemical analysis is thus  essential.  Medical and Clinical Studies  The levels of various elements and compounds in body fluids are important indicators of physiological  disorders. A high sugar content in urine indicating a diabetic condition and lead in blood are probably  the most well-known examples.  


Tage: analytical, biochemistry, chemistry experiments, chemistry lab, inorganic chemistry, research, chemicals, chemical reaction, chemical formula, chemical science, chemistry dictionary, green chemistry, chemistry quiz

Source:
1-Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications
2-Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry



The Scope of Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry has bounds which are amongst the widest of any technological discipline. An analyst must be able to design, carry out, and interpret measurements within the context of the fundamental technological problem with which he or she is presented. The selection and utilization of suitable chemical procedures require a wide knowledge of chemistry, whilst familiarity with and the ability to operate a varied range of instruments is essential. 

Finally, analysts must have a sound knowledge of the statistical treatment of experimental data to enable them to gauge the meaning and reliability of the results that they obtain. When an examination is restricted to the identification of one or more constituents of a sample, it is known as qualitative analysis, while an examination to determine how much of a particular species is present constitutes a quantitative analysis. Sometimes information concerning the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule or crystalline compound is required or confirmation of the presence or position of certain organic functional groups is sought. Such examinations are described as structural analysis and they may be considered as more detailed forms of analysis. Any species that are the subjects of either qualitative or quantitative analysis are known as analytes

There is much in common between the techniques and methods used in a qualitative and quantitative analysis. In both cases, a sample is prepared for analysis by physical and chemical 'conditioning', and then a measurement of some property related to the analyte is made. It is in the degree of control over the relation between a measurement and the amount of analyte present that the major difference lies. For a qualitative analysis, it is sufficient to be able to apply a test which has a known sensitivity limit so that negative and positive results may be seen in the right perspective. Where a quantitative analysis is made, however, the relation between measurement and analyte must obey a strict and measurable proportionality; only then can the amount of analyte in the sample be derived from the measurement. 
To maintain this proportionality it is generally essential that all reactions used in the preparation of a sample for measurement are controlled and reproducible and that the conditions of measurement remain constant for all similar measurements. A premium is also placed upon careful calibration of the methods used in a quantitative analysis. These aspects of chemical analysis are a major pre-occupation of the analyst.






Tage: analytical, biochemistry, chemistry experiments, chemistry lab, inorganic chemistry, research, chemicals, chemical reaction, chemical formula, chemical science, chemistry dictionary, green chemistry, chemistry quiz

Source:
1-Freefullpdf for Scientific Publications
2-Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry

4.5.17

Determination of lead by edta titration Back Titration


Determination of lead by EDTA titration Back Titration

Complexometric titration of a lead Pb with EDTA is very simple, this type of determination of lead by EDTA titration is according to EDTA titration. This method is useful for determination of lead in water and solutions.

PRINCIPLE

Lead may be titrated with EDTA over several pH ranges using a variety of indicators
by direct or back procedures. In This experiment, we describe the determination of lead
by Complexometric back titration at pH 10 using Eriochrome black T as an indicator. The
color change and mechanism of titration are:

Determination of lead by EDTA titration Back Titration
Determination of lead by EDTA titration Back Titration


REAGENTS

1- Lead ions solution (analyte)
2- Eriochrome black T indicator
3- Standardized 0.01 M zinc sulfate solution
4- 0.01 M EDTA solution


PROCEDURE

1- Pipette 25.0 mL of Lead ions solution into a 250.0 mL and add an excess known amount of 0.01 M EDTA solution (V EDTA) and add 2-3 mL buffer solution pH 10.
2- Add 50mg of Eriochrome black T indicator and titrate rapidly with standard 0.01 M zinc sulfate solution until the color changes from blue to wine red. Record the used volume (as VZn).
3- Repeat the titration twice.

Atomic weight of Lead= 207.2 g/mol

2.5.17

determination of aluminum by back titration


Determination of aluminum  (Al+3) by back titration using EDTA titration

PRINCIPLE:

               Complexometric back titration generally performs when the metallic ions form a
stable complex with EDTA in a slow reaction or when a metal ion blocks an indicator. The
blocked indicator cannot release metallic ions, thus no color change will be observable at
the endpoint of the complexometric direct titration. Both conditions exist in the case of
aluminum ion, thus the ion is best determined by complexometric back titration along
with heating to enhance the complexation of Al-EDTA.

In this analysis, an excess known amount of EDTA is added to the Aluminum
sample solution followed by a pH 10 buffer solution where the Al-EDTA complex can
form. To prevent aluminum ion blocking the indicator and to facilitate the Al-EDTA
complexation, heating the mixture prior to adding the indicator Eriochrome black T wherein
its free form is a blue color. The amount of unchelated EDTA can be then determined using
complexometric back titration with standardized zinc or Magnesium solution. At the endpoint,
a change to wine-red color is observable. This change is due to the formation of Zn- or Mg-
Eriochrome black T complex
determination of aluminum by edta titration

REAGENTS: 

1- Aluminum ions solution (analyte)
2- Eriochrome black T indicator 
3- Standardized 0.01 M zinc sulfate solution (titrant).
4- 0.01 M EDTA solution


PROCEDURE:

1- Pipette 25.0 mL of Aluminum ions solution into a 250.0 mL and add an
excess known amount of 0.01 M EDTA solution (V EDTA) and add sufficiently
buffer solution pH 10 just to make the solution ammoniacal.
2- Boil the mixture for a few minutes to ensure complete complexation of
Aluminum. Then, cool to room temperature and adjust the pH to 10.
3- Add 50mg of Eriochrome black T indicator and titrate rapidly with standard
0.01 M zinc sulfate solution until the color changes from blue to wine red.
Record the used volume (as V Zn).
4- Repeat the titration twice.

CALCULATIONS:

Showing posts with label EDTA titration

28.4.17

homogeneous mixture definition chemistry


Homogeneous mixture definition chemistry

In this lesson, you can learn more details about a homogeneous mixture, homogeneous pure substance, examples of mixtures and what is the difference between a solution and a mixture

First of all, what is the homogeneous definition chemistry?

Homogeneously is Latin for "the same kind".we called the homogeneous substance if it contains only one type of compound or one element or uniform composition of the mixture.



Many examples of homogeneous pure substances and compounds, such as metals, pure Ni, Al, Fe, Si,....  which contains the only one atom. On the other hand, the compounds which have more than elements like solid salts NaOH, NaCl, ....and so on, or liquid solutions like water, HCl.
Now, we know what is homogenous in chemistry, but Which is a homogeneous mixture?

homogeneous mixture chemistry

Definition of a homogeneous mixture in chemistry:
           A mixture which has uniform composition and properties throughout. 
In other words, the homogeneous mixture is defined as a combination of two or more pure chemical substances in which the original substances retain their chemical properties. 
Many students ask us, which is an example of a homogeneous mixture? we answer this question in the next paragraph.

You can see: general chemistry it's very useful to you

Homogeneous mixture definition chemistry example:

Air is containing a mixture of gases like N2, O2. H2O that is considered a homogeneous mixture of gasses. also, If the combination of two chemical substance like NaCl and H2O were mixed together for forming a  homogeneous mixture solution or aqueous solution, anther clear example of homogeneous mixtures, when we add NaCl solution or solid to KCl solution or solid the new solution or solid is produced which have the same chemical properties, that is direct us to ask ourselves:  


What is the difference between a solution and a mixture? 
Actually, the solution is a type of mixture, but we can say solution on a mixed of salt with water, we can't say the solution on a mixed of salts or different liquids.


On the other hand, now, you are able to know what the homogeneous mixture meaning. 

In the next post, we will add more details about a homogeneous Catalyst and a homogeneous Equilibrium  

If you want free scientific paper or thesis about mixture or homogeneous mixture  or searching directly on the  free scientific publications 

27.4.17

college chemistry help


In many universities and colleges, the students may be required help. In this lesson under title college chemistry help we ready to help anyone to complete a general chemistry course or homework, containing (organic chemistry, physical, inorganic, applied, biochemistry.

many topics involved in a basic course in general chemistry.
Also, you can get on the free books, articles from  Free Scientific Publications
many chemistry help websites help a student of college to get the chemistry homework help the need and we direct to the best  college chemistry help websites:

chemistry help website no. 8

we will add a new site as soon as possible 

24.4.17

volume units compared


volume units compared
The largest volume, shown in part, is the SI standard of 1 cubic meter (m3). A cube 10 cm (1 dm) on an edge (green) has a volume of 1000 cm3 (1 dm3) and is equal to 1 liter (1 L). The smallest cube is 1 cm on edge (dark blue) and has a volume of 1 cm3 = 1 mL.


Scientific model of chlorine gas


A scientific model of a gas The chlorine gas in this container is made up of chlorine molecules. Each molecule is a combination of two chlorine atoms. Chlorine molecules, like all gas molecules, are in constant random, chaotic motion and undergo frequent collisions with each other and with the container walls. This model is used in Chapter 5 to explain several properties of gases. n l
A scientific model of a gas The chlorine gas in this container is made up of chlorine molecules. Each molecule is a combination of two chlorine atoms. Chlorine molecules, like all gas molecules, are in constant random, chaotic motion and undergo frequent collisions with each other and with the container walls. This model is used in Chapter 5 to explain several properties of gases. n l
Scientific model of chlorine gas

13.4.17

16.2.17

Monoclinic Space Group C2


C2

Number of Symmetry Operators = 4
Space Group Name = C2
Crystal System = MONOCLINIC
Laue Class = 2/m
Point Group = 2
Patterson Space Group # = 12
Lattice Type = C
symmetry= X,Y,Z
symmetry= -X,Y,-Z
symmetry= 1/2+X,1/2+Y,Z
symmetry= 1/2-X,1/2+Y,-Z
asymm= 0<=x<=1/2 and 0<=y<=1/2 and 0<=z<=1

9.2.17

Space Group Symmetry Tables - Crystallographic


Triclinic

1 P1

2 P-1


Monoclinic

3 P2

4 P2(1)

5 C2

6 Pm

7 Pc

8 Cm

9 Cc

10 P2/m

11 P2(1)/m

12 C2/m

13 P2/c

14 P2(1)/c

15 C2/c


Orthorhombic

16 P222

17 P222(1)

18 P2(1)2(1)2

19 P2(1)2(1)2(1)

20 C222(1)

21 C222

22 F222

23 I222

24 I2(1)2(1)2(1)

25 Pmm2

26 Pmc2(1)

27 Pcc2

28 Pma2

29 Pca2(1)

30 Pnc2

31 Pmn2(1)

32 Pba2

33 Pna2(1)

34 Pnn2

35 Cmm2

36 Cmc2(1)

37 Ccc2

38 Amm2

39 Abm2

40 Ama2

41 Aba2

42 Fmm2

43 Fdd2

44 Imm2

45 Iba2

46 Ima2

47 Pmmm

48 Pnnn

49 Pccm

50 Pban

51 Pmma

52 Pnna

53 Pmna

54 Pcca

55 Pbam

56 Pccn

57 Pbcm

58 Pnnm

59 Pmmn

60 Pbcn

61 Pbca

62 Pnma

63 Cmcm

64 Cmca

65 Cmmm

66 Cccm

67 Cmma

68 Ccca

69 Fmmm

70 Fddd

71 Immm

72 Ibam

73 Ibca

74 Imma


Tetragonal

75 P4

76 P4(1)

77 P4(2)

78 P4(3)

79 I4

80 I4(1)

81 P-4

82 I-4

83 P4/m

84 P4(2)/m

85 P4/n

86 P4(2)/n

87 I4/m

88 I4(1)/a

89 P422

90 P42(1)2

91 P4(1)22

92 P4(1)2(1)2

93 P4(2)22

94 P4(2)2(1)2

95 P4(3)22

96 P4(3)2(1)2

97 I422

98 I4(1)22

99 P4mm

100 P4bm

101 P4(2)cm

102 P4(2)nm

103 P4cc

104 P4nc

105 P4(2)mc

106 P4(2)bc

107 I4mm

108 I4cm

109 I4(1)md

110 I4(1)cd

111 P-42m

112 P-42c

113 P-42(1)m

114 P-42(1)c

115 P-4m2

116 P-4c2

117 P-4b2

118 P-4n2

119 I-4m2

120 I-4c2

121 I-42m

122 I-42d

123 P4/mmm

124 P4/mcc

125 P4/nbm

126 P4/nnc

127 P4/mbm

128 P4/mnc

129 P4/nmm

130 P4/ncc

131 P4(2)/mmc

132 P4(2)/mcm

133 P4(2)/nbc

134 P4(2)/nnm

135 P4(2)/mbc

136 P4(2)/mnm

137 P4(2)/nmc

138 P4(2)/ncm

139 I4/mmm

140 I4/mcm

141 I4(1)/amd

142 I4(1)/acd


Trigonal

143 P3

144 P3(1)

145 P3(2)

146 R3

147 P-3

148 R-3

149 P312

150 P321

151 P3(1)12

152 P3(1)21

153 P3(2)12

154 P3(2)21

155 R32

156 P3m1

157 P31m

158 P3c1

159 P31c

160 R3m

161 R3c

162 P-31m

163 P-31c

164 P-3m1

165 P-3c1

166 R-3m

167 R-3c


Hexagonal

168 P6

169 P6(1)

170 P6(5)

171 P6(2)

172 P6(4)

173 P6(3)

174 P-6

175 P6/m

176 P6(3)/m

177 P622

178 P6(1)22

179 P6(5)22

180 P6(2)22

181 P6(4)22

182 P6(3)22

183 P6mm

184 P6cc

185 P6(3)cm

186 P6(3)mc

187 P-6m2

188 P-6c2

189 P-62m

190 P-62c

191 P6/mmm

192 P6/mcc

193 P6(3)/mcm

194 P6(3)/mmc


Cubic

195 P23

196 F23

197 I23

198 P2(1)3

199 I2(1)3

200 Pm-3

201 Pn-3

202 Fm-3

203 Fd-3

204 Im-3

205 Pa-3

206 Ia-3

207 P432

208 P4(2)32

209 F432

210 F4(1)32

211 I432

212 P4(3)32

213 P4(1)32

214 I4(1)32

215 P-43m

216 F4-3m

217 I-43m

218 P-43n

219 F-43c

220 I-43d

221 Pm-3m

222 Pn-3n

223 Pm-3n

224 Pn-3m

225 Fm-3m

226 Fm-3c

227 Fd-3m

228 Fd-3c

229 Im-3m

230 Ia-3d

29.1.17

bismuth oxychloride


bismuth oxychloride [INORG CHEM] BiOCl A white powder; insoluble in water, soluble
in acid; a toxic material if ingested; used in pigments and cosmetics. { biz məth
a¨ k se¯ klo˙ r ı¯d }

bismuth oleate


bismuth oleate [ORG CHEM] Bi(C17H33COO)3 A salt of oleic acid obtained as yellow
granules; used in medicines to treat skin diseases. { biz məth o¯ le¯ a¯t }

bismuth iodide


bismuth iodide [INORG CHEM] BiI3 A bismuth halide that sublimes in grayish-black hexagonal crystals melting at 408 C, insoluble in water; used in analytical chemistry.
{ biz məth ı¯ ə dı¯d }

bismuth chloride


bismuth chloride [INORG CHEM] BiCl3 A deliquescent material that melts at 230–232 C
and decomposes in water to form the oxychloride; used to make bismuth salts.
Also known as bismuth trichloride. { biz məth klo˙ r ı¯d }

bismuthate


bismuthate [INORG CHEM] A compound of bismuth in which the bismuth has a valence
of 5; an example is sodium bismuthate, NaBiO3. { biz mə tha¯t }

bismuth


bismuth [CHEM] A metallic element, symbol Bi, of atomic number 83 and atomic
weight 208.980. { biz məth }

2,2-bis(para-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane


2,2-bis(para-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane [ORG CHEM] C14H10Cl4 A colorless,
crystalline compound with a melting point of 109–111 C; insoluble in water; used
as an insecticide on fruits and vegetables. Also known as DDD; TDE. { ¦tu¨ ¦tu¨ bis
par ə klo˙ r ə fen əl ¦wən ¦wən di klo˙ ro¯ e tha¯n }

Birge-Sponer extrapolation


Birge-Sponer extrapolation [SPECT] A method of calculating the dissociation limit of
a diatomic molecule when the convergence limit cannot be observed directly, based
on the assumption that vibrational energy levels converge to a limit for a finite value
of the vibrational quantum number. { ¦bir gə spo¯ n ər ik strap ə la¯ shən }

biradical


biradical [CHEM] A chemical species having two independent odd-electron sites.
{ bı¯ rad ə kəl }

para-biphenylamine


para-biphenylamine [ORG CHEM] C12H11N Leaflets with a melting point of 53 C; readily
soluble in hot water, alcohol, and chloroform; used in the detection of sulfates and
also as a carcinogen in cancer research. { ¦par ə bı¯ fə nil ə me¯n }

biphenyl


biphenyl [ORG CHEM] C12H10 A white or slightly yellow crystalline hydrocarbon, melting
point 70.0 C, boiling point 255.9 C, and density 1.9896, which gives plates or monoclinic
prismatic crystals; used as a heat-transfer medium and as a raw material for
chlorinated diphenyls. Also known as diphenyl; phenylbenzene. { bı¯ fen əl }

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